ideology

Ideological neutrality and the principle of a secular state in the light of the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020	Introduction. The existence and development of any society is impossible without its spiritual component, which is closely connected with religion, religious values and ideals in Russia. Despite the fact that in the secular Russian state, the official government remains ideologically neutral to all religions, religious denominations and religious organizations, the state and the Church are converging in the socio-cultural space. Theoretical analysis. The interaction between the state and religious organizations is not distorted and does not diminish the importance of the prinicples of the constitutional order bases – a secular state and ideological neutrality of the state, because the interaction has nothing to do with the implementation of state and religious power, does not affect the implementation of the functions and tasks of the state and the Church. Empirical analysis. For the first time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, through the amendments made in 2020, enshrined religious values and ideals, faith in God as the spiritual and moral foundations of the historical development of the multinational people of Russia. This became possible due to the expansion of the interpretation of the categories of “ideological neutrality” and “secular nature of the state”. Results. The content of the principle of the secular state and its ideological neutrality is based on the religious presence in the public legal sphere.	Izv. Sarat. Univ. Economics. Management. Law, 2021, vol. 21, iss. 3
The Legal State as a Problem of Professional Consciousness of Lawyers	Introduction. There is no sufficient difference in comprehension of the law-governed state in legal literature and research. Focusing on the existing theories of the law-governed state, modern authors of scientific publications and manuals compose lists of features of the “true law-governed state”, “welfare state” as well as their antipode – “police ridden state”. Theoretical analysis. The phenomenon of the law-governed state is existing in the normative ideological, institutional and functional dimensions. Due to the national conditions of development of Russia around the turn of the past and current centuries, a specific institutional design has been formed. Sometimes it does not coincide with the normative character of Russian rule of law depicted in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Empirical analysis. A sociological study was conducted among law students of the undergraduate program (full-time and part-time). The objective of the study was to establish exactly how students, future qualified employees of law enforcement agencies and public administration bodies, understand what the rule of law is. In total, 90 respondents aged 19–21 were involved. They were asked 5 questions regarding the characteristics of the “legal”, “police” and “social” states and template answers. Of these, respondents could freely and in unlimited number choose ones that are more in line with their understanding of the subject of the survey. Results. The survey revealed that law students quite successfully solve the problem of distinguishing between different types of states. However, they do not see the general direction in which a significant change in the characteristics of the state could give rise to some of its fundamentally new qualities.	Izv. Saratov Univ. (N. S.), Ser. Economics. Management. Law, 2020, vol. 20, iss. 3