конвергенция

Cross-Country Analysis Influence of Banking Credit on Economic Growth	Introduction. The aim of the work is to econometrically study the impact of bank lending on economic growth rates on the basis of cross-country comparisons based on average data for 2005–2015. Theoretical analysis. In the article it is proposed to use the Schumpeterian model of convergence between countries with financial constraints, which was improved in [1] to analyze the influence of bank lending on economic growth. Empirical analysis. Based on the improved Schumpeterian model of convergence between countries with financial constraints, an econometric modeling of the impact of bank credit on economic growth was conducted for three groups of countries with a high, medium and low value of the human development index. Results. Empirical cross-country studies have confirmed the ambiguous impact of bank lending on economic growth in countries with different levels of socio-economic and financial development. In countries with high HDI values, the direct channel of the impact of bank lending on economic growth has been insignificant, and the convergence of growth rates has been achieved mainly through the process of technology transfer and increased production efficiency. In countries with an average HDI, lending has a direct positive effect on growth rates, but does not increase the likelihood of convergence through a more developed financial system. In countries with a low level of development, the only significant factor is investment in fixed assets. The indirectly obtained results show that only an investment credit for the development of the real sector of the economy, and not all credit in general has a positive impact on economic growth.	IZVESTIYA OF SARATOV UNIVERSITY. NEW SERIES. SERIES: ECONOMICS. MANAGEMENT. LAW. 2018. vol. 18, iss. 3
The Relationship and Interdependence of Convergence and Integration in the Economy	Introduction. The trend of globalization of the modern economy leads to the increasing relevance of convergence and integration, the relationship and interaction which do not cause doubts. Theoretical analysis. The article discusses the integration and convergence as processes of interaction between homogeneous or heterogeneous elements of different economic systems, which are closely interwoven with each other. Discusses the question of the primacy of processes of integration and convergence. The article presents economic entities of convergent and integration processes, and the levels of their development. Results. Convergence is very similar integration. Their similarity is determined by several aspects, firstly, they are conditioned by the international division of labour, secondly, they represent a form of conjugation of the interests and efforts of business entities in resolving various problems, and third, they represent a homogeneous or heterogeneous interaction of both processes. Ddialectic relationship between convergence and integration is not limited to direct connection «basis – superstructure». The author argues that convergence may act as a necessary condition for integration and its result. Also observed the emergence of new interactive elements of economic convergence and integration at the modern stage of economic development, which are innovative entrepreneurs.	IZVESTIYA OF SARATOV UNIVERSITY. NEW SERIES. SERIES: ECONOMICS. MANAGEMENT. LAW. 2016. Т. 16, вып. 2