общественные блага

Entity and Negative Role of Freeriding	Introduction. The problem of freerides in the economy is being addressed. The example of passenger transport shows the negative impact and the limits of its development. The freerides problem is reflected both for the business that is providing the service and for bona fide users in the form of additional charges for servicing the freerides. Theoretical analysis. The freerides in various branches of the economy have been reviewed and summarized. Free services for natural persons, as exemplified by passenger transport, have been separately allocated. Description of the research object. The orientation of the control services to achieve full payment by all passengers for their journey in the electric train. In order to achieve full fare charges, the control of passengers in the electric train is considered at the interstation line of the road to be complete and continuous during the entire time of the train’s journey. The problem of finding an effective option for the provision of electric trains by supervisor’s staff is described. The solution to the empirical task. The task of optimizing the cost of maintaining the supervisors state by paying for travel on the train with different options for travel is being pursued. Results of the study. The phenomenon of freerides is not attributed to a negative phenomenon. The overall purpose of law enforcement is not to “eradicate” crime, but to “contain it at the optimum level”. The psychological aspect of the phenomenon, the systemic characteristics of the society also depend on the level of coverage of its freerides, which should be optimal for it as well. The systemic integrity of a society must be separated from the unsystemal state of the social community, but at the same time should not disrupt the production and targeting of a society. The second structural integrity must prevail over the first.	IZVESTIYA OF SARATOV UNIVERSITY. NEW SERIES. SERIES: ECONOMICS. MANAGEMENT. LAW. 2018. vol. 18, iss. 1
Existence`s Institutional Factor of Objects Cultural Heritage as One of the Type Public Goods	Introduction. Maintaining specific type of public goods in the form of cultural heritage property appears to be not only a social and cultural, but also economic problem. This problem is associated with the growth of government spending on the protection and conservation-restoration of cultural heritage objects and the evaluation of the effectiveness of public spending. By supporting these kind of goods, the national identity of economic agents can be provided, strengthening Russia’s national security. Theoretical analysis. The author analyzes the public, merit and wards goods, based on methodology proposed by A. Ya. Rubinshtein, and views one of the public goods type’s specificity – objects of cultural heritage. On the basis of the economic and psychological methodology the role of cultural heritage property is explained in the formation of economic agents’ national identity at the micro, meso and macro levels. Empirical analysis. State institutions, which ensure the preservation of cultural heritage, are needed to be optimized in future, for the purpose of improving their efficiency. Results. The concludes that the preservation of cultural heritage objects determines the necessity of the state institutions’ effective functioning, which provides the national orientation of economic agents. The need of participation of non-governmental organizations in the conservation of cultural heritage as a specific type of public goods is being well-founded.	IZVESTIYA OF SARATOV UNIVERSITY. NEW SERIES. SERIES: ECONOMICS. MANAGEMENT. LAW. 2016. Т. 16, вып. 2