судебно-баллистическая экспертиза

Introduction. A promising direction in forensic practice is the use of three-dimensional modeling of objects to establish the circumstances relevant to the criminal case. Theoretical analysis. Photographs taken during the investigation could be used as a source of information to derive a three-dimensional model. Photogrammetry is a method that allows for the automated construction of three-dimensional models from images. The main data in three-dimensional photogrammetry should be the elements of external and internal orientation, coordinates in the photograph, and spatial coordinates. Еmpirical analysis. To build a three-dimensional model, photos from the crime scene submitted for forensic firearm examination were used to determine whether the situation described by the accused, suspect, corresponded to the objective mechanism of the accident. The main stages of model building in 3D photogrammetry software Agisoft Metashape were refl ected. Based on the procedural documents submitted for examination, the three-dimensional model refl ected the alleged location of the shooter and the victim, and the direction of the shots from the defendant’s words, as well as the likely direction of the shots in accordance with the wound channels and the situation. Discussion of results. There are essential advantages of three-dimensional photogrammetry: it does not require expensive and complex equipment, operates with photographs obtained during the investigation, constructs the whole area of an object in the frame, and allows for synthesizing data from various sources. However, the quality of the resulting models depends on the number of photographs and compliance with the rules of measurement and panning of objects. It is also important that the researcher skilled in the use of software tools to build three-dimensional models from photographic images is able to make adjustments at each stage. Conclutions. The possibility of producing a three-dimensional reconstruction of the crime and solving problems not only within forensic fi rearm examination, but also those kinds, with which it can be combined, is refl ected.

Introduction. In order to meet the objectives for establishment of circumstances of the shot, the process of experimental shooting when shooting firearms propose a new design of a special device, allowing to obtain more accurate information about the gunshot residue in studies of objects with a complex shape of the outer surface. The article provides a comparative study of the traces of the shot from a Kalashnikov AKS-74U on the currently used flat targets and targets, mounted on a removable element with the ability to take the desired shape of the outer surface. Theoretical analysis. Now several designs of devices for experimental firing which along with advantages have also essential shortcomings are known. The main difference of the device presented in article from known is existence of a compound frame for installation of the target containing a removable element which is made of high-plastic material earlier. It allows to repeat a form of the object presented for examination at the time of a criminal shot. Experimental part. The study consisted of experimental firing, evaluation of the morphology of gunshot injuries and comparison of the topography of the distribution of gunshot residue in the area of gunshot injuries. Discussion of results. The analysis of traces of a close shot on flat and curved targets has allowed to establish distinctions of signs of influence of a gas-powder stream, thermal and mechanical effect of powder grains, adjournment of a soot. Conclusions. Found that when firing AKS-74U on flat targets and targets that are installed on the removable element, bent to the desired shape, there are differences in the morphological characteristics of gunshot injuries and topography sediment traces close shot. Thus, the use of the proposed device, comprising a removable element for attachment of the target, the shape of which follows the shape of the outer surface of the investigated object allows to obtain more accurate information about the gunshot residue in studies of objects with a complex shape of the outer surface.