Law

Purpose. The article deals with the category «property requirements» in constitutional law. The author investigates the property requirements in a broad sense as limiting the rights of citizens based on whether or not the property, and in the narrow restrictions of voting rights as citizens. The comparative analysis of the legislation of Russia and foreign countries for securing property requirements. Results. The analysis of foreign law the author comes to the conclusion that the existence of property requirements – this is a gross violation of the principle of equality is unacceptable in a modern democratic and humanistic society. Discussion. The study author election pledge showed that the implementation of the majority electoral system – is the factor that allows citizens to participate in elections without relying on the support of the party.

Introduction. The growing number of military and civilian models of firearms equipped with muzzle devices actualizes the expert diagnostics of the facts of using silent shooting devices during committing crimes by their traces on the fi red bullets and fi red cases. Theoretical analysis. Science has identifi ed a number of regularities of the eff ect of silent shooting devices on the mechanism of formation and characteristics of traces on bullets and cartridge cases. Among them are the abrasion and smoothing of traces of the barrel bore on bullets, the formation of traces of the body of homemade silent shooting devices when they are misaligned with the barrel bore, the malfunction of the weapon’s automation, which excludes the possibility of displaying traces of the refl ector and the ejection port on the cartridge cases. Empirical analysis. In order to identify new regularities of infl uence of silent shooting devices on the formation of traces on bullets and cartridge cases, a model scientifi c experiment was conducted. Experimental shooting was conducted from .366 TKM smoothbore rifl es models VPO-209 (Paradox) and AK-366 (Lancaster). The PBS-1 with a rubber obturator of a strong degree of wear was used as a silent shooting device. Cartridges of two types were equipped with lead bullets in a polymer shell, gunpowder “Sunar 7.62” and “Falcon”. Results. It is determined that lead bullets of cartridges undergo characteristic deformation when passing the rubber obturator of the silent shooting device. The body of the bullets stretches and bends, in some cases takes a spindle shape. Cases of partial destruction of bullets have been noted. It is proved that the smoothing of the relief of the traces of the barrel bore, characteristic of the contact interaction of a bullet with a rubber obturator, as well as the additional formation of obturator traces on the bullets do not prevent the identifi cation of fi rearms. Conclusions. The identifi ed regularities expand the possibilities of forensic ballistic examination in determining the facts of the use of silent shooting devices while committing crimes.

Introduction. The cases of gunshot injuries (wounds) of persons using personal protective equipment (body armor based on textile and composite organoplastic armor), that occur in investigative and expert practice, require a comprehensive approach to diagnostic studies of traces and injuries, both on the human body and on non-biological objects (materials of body armor and clothing items). Methodology and results of the study. The organization of studies of gunshot injuries on the human body and on the means of individual armor protection is possible in the form of a comprehensive medical and forensic examination or a complex of forensic medical and criminalistic examinations. In the course of diagnostic complex studies of gunshot injuries on the human body, materials of his or her body and clothing items, the circumstances of causing a gunshot wound to a person are confirmed with an explanation of the mechanism of damage formation on the human body, body armor and clothing items. Discussion of results. The methodology (algorithm) of studies of gunshot injuries of SIB – bulletproof vests does not diff er from traditional comprehensive medical and forensic studies of gunshot injuries on a person’s body and items of his or her clothing, but it requires taking into account the structural features of personal protective equipment that aff ect the volume and morphological signs of personal protective equipment injuries (including taking into account the protection class of a particular instance of the body armor under study). As a result of the study of the SIB – bulletproof vest, important circumstances of causing a person a gunshot injury can be established and explained – the mechanism of damage formation on the body and objects of the personal protective equipment and clothing of the victim, the posture of the victim at the time of injury, the presence of combined bodily injuries on the victim’s body, if there is a projectile that caused the injury or its fragments extracted from the parts of the personal protective equipment, the causes and mechanism of deformation of the projectile or the causes of its fragmentation (dismantling).

Introduction. Most often, in cases of crimes related to the use of firearms, in addition to establishing that an object belongs to a fi rearm and resolving the issue of its serviceability and suitability for shooting, it is necessary to solve other non-identifi cation tasks, such as establishing  the direction and distance of the shot. As a rule, these two tasks are set together and the identifi cation of such signifi cant data as the distance of the shot and the angle at which the gunshot damage was infl icted allows us to give a correct criminal-legal assessment of the events that occurred. In this work, the results obtained by the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram were compared with the real data obtained when shooting cartridges, factory equipment with wad containers. Experimental part. The experiment was conducted in a closed shooting range, targets made of 1 mm thick metal sheets, chipboard and wallpaper were selected. The shooting was carried out from three distances: 5, 10, 15 meters; half of the targets were located at an angle of 90 degrees, the second half was placed at an angle of 75 degrees. A total of 54 shots were fi red: 18 shots at targets made of wallpaper, 18 shots at metal sheets and 18 shots at chipboard. The weapon used in the experiment was a copy of the IZH-27M 12-caliber hunting rifl e. The shooting was carried out from the upper barrel with a muzzle narrowing “choke” with cartridges of the Russian company “NPF “AZOT” the model “Azot Russian Hunter B/K”. Discussion of results. The obtained results of the scattering diameters of shot spread were used to determine the distance of the shot using the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram. The calculated intervals of distances were compared with the actual shooting distances. The results of the comparison show that the values of the intervals of the shot distance obtained by the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram give a signifi cant error – the actual values of the shot distance are about a third greater than the upper limit of the interval of the shot distance determined by the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram. According to the results of the study, a proprietary nomogram was derived to determine the shot distance from the traces of shot spread. Conclusions. If there is a trace of the wad container, to determine the distance of the shot, it is better not to use the Lisitsyn nomogram, but to build an experimental dependence of the maximum and minimum values of the diameters of the shot spread at specifi c distances for a gun from the scene of the incident or a similar model of weapon. There is a need to improve and update currently existing methodological research, since the use of outdated information hinders the rational implementation of the tasks assigned to forensic ballistics. It is necessary to conduct research to establish the fi ring distance of a poly projectile when using a weapon with a specifi c drilling of the Lancaster barrel bore. The latest developments in the weapons industry – such models as the TR 366 TKM with a “Paradox” type barrel drill, in which a 366 TKM shotgun cartridge with an oval capsule for a police squad can be used, require further improvement of methods for establishing the distance of the shot.