Economic

Introduction. In modern conditions, the research development in the United States is closely related to the functioning of the institutional environment, the financial basis of which is largely the federal government. The historically established structure of financing fundamental and applied research and development from the US state budget reflects the needs of the country’s socioeconomic development in both sectoral and territorial aspects. Theoretical analysis. The impact of direct government funding through the system of orders (contracts) on American R&D has been strong for over 70 years. Sustainable areas of financing research and development that have been formed in time and space by the US federal government are united by the “on-site mobilization” management paradigm, which provides for the rational and efficient use of the potential of stakeholders – customers and contractors. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the characteristic changes in the institutional and territorial structures of the federal funding distribution in the main categories of research and development, in the research sectors, customers and R&D executors, and the leading states of the country, is carried out. Results. Structural relationships were identified in the “customer – executor” system, within the framework of a state research program funded by the federal government in 2010–2019, based on empirical research and, in general, confirming theoretical provisions on mutual interests in the field of specific R&D necessary for development specific sectors of the US economy and social sphere. The features of the distribution and territorial distribution of federal research and development funding in the modern United States are shown. Estimated and predictive judgments are given regarding possible structural changes in federal funding for research and development in the USA in the near future.

Introduction. Since the end of the XX century, the concept of digital economy comprises the wide application of digital technology in different spheres of economy. Separate enterprises and whole economic branches transform the existing models of business processes, being oriented on modern means of communication. One of the most important factors influencing this process is the development of Internet technology. Theoretical analysis. The Internet, as a key channel of communication in the social sphere and commerce, has become the main driver for the development of a new segment of the consumer market – the e-commerce market. Since the first years of their work, online stores showed a high level of sales and opened up new directions in optimizing business processes. Almost 30 years have passed since the first outlet opening in the United States. Today it is a whole industry around the world, equipped with the latest technology, working almost offline. The Russian market of Internet commerce (e-commerce) today is experiencing an unprecedented rise. The growth in customer activity is due to such factors as convenience, saving time and money, speed of delivery of goods. Empirical analysis. It was revealed that the Russian Internet-trading market is a dynamically developing segment of the country’s consumer market. A quantitative assessment of the market is investigated, its structure is examined, statistical patterns are analyzed and trends of further development are substantiated. Results. The vector of e-commerce market development is designated, the results of modeling the dynamics of the market volume for the period 2020–2022 in Russia are presented, conclusions about the upward trend in both the domestic and cross-border markets are substantiated.

Introduction. Hoarding demand at gold spot market is mainly determined by non-price factors, which are divided into two large groups: endogenous, associated with the specifics of the functioning of the gold market, and exogenous, reflecting the processes and trends of the external environment relative to the gold market. The article analyzes the external non-price factors of demand for physical gold with hoarding purposes. Theoretical analysis revealed three groups of factors as exogenous determinants of hoarding demand for physical gold: military-geopolitical, financial-economic, natural-technological, the influence of which is set in each case by the prevailing configuration of exogenous determinants. The same exogenous determinants in different combinations can increase, reduce or maintain the hoarding demand at gold spot market. Empirical analysis included a comparison of three processes: changes in the gold reserve of a number of sovereign states, the volume of gold bullion in ETF vaults specializing in investments in this precious metal, and the gold reserves of the largest international financial organizations, with global trends in geopolitics and in the sphere of monetary credit relations, with the dynamics of the gold reference price in the period 2000–2019. This allowed us to conclude, firstly, that there is a dialectic connection between investment and hoarding demand at gold spot market and, secondly, about the possible interpretation of exogenous determinants as factors affecting the change in the usefulness of precious metals in new conditions, and, as a result, – transforming investment demand into hoarding demand. Results. Exogenous determinants that determine hoarding demand at gold spot market have a different nature, different manifestations, different power of influence on the behavior of market participants. Since the gold hoarding by some economic entities is accompanied by a “counter” process – the sale of previously accumulated gold reserves by other entities, the exogenous determinants of demand at gold spot market that determine the hoarding, at the same time, also determine gold dishoarding.

Introduction. Currently, the economy digitalization is accelerating and transforming the company’s management system. The article discusses the problems and prospects of ensuring economic security in the context of companies’ digitalization based on personnel risk management. Theoretical analysis is based on the identification of personnel safety risks based on the systematization of theoretical practical and applied research done by Russian and foreign authors on this issue. Empirical analysis. The diagnosis of the personnel security level at the enterprise LLC “SEPO-ZEM” is carried out, factors that impede the digitalization of the company are identified. Results. Specific personnel risks that arise in the process of company digitalization are identified, which are connected with a lack of personnel with a high level of digital competencies, inability to synchronize ICT with business activities, information overload, non-compliance with the “digital diet” with a low level of “digital interaction culture”, etc. The degree of negative impact of personnel risks can be minimized by increasing the level of personnel security, in particular internal staff mobility, rejuvenating the team and regulating the fluidity level.