Economic

Introduction. In the heart of the analysis of this article are problems of innovation economy that most clearly characterizes the existence of transaction costs. Over time, the structure of the transaction costs has evolved: in the information economy occupy a significant proportion of the costs of searching for information and costs of measurement in the knowledge economy is gradually gaining weight the costs of negotiating and concluding contracts. With the last quarter of the twentieth century, a particularly important place in the system of transaction costs took the cost of specification and the protection of property rights, as well as the cost of training and retraining of personnel, satisfying the needs of innovation. Theoretical analysis. Of the total transaction cost economic agents depends on their competitiveness in domestic and international markets, because lower costs enable innovative enterprises to carry out their activities efficiently, constantly modifying the escaping product. This gives the opportunity to occupy a privileged position compared with other companies who are forced to spend a large part of their profits not on improving technologies and to cover transaction costs. Therefore, it is important to not only the theoretical substantiation of the need to address the issue of transaction costs, but also offer practical ways to track the dynamics of this kind costs to reduce them. Results. Reviewed by transaction costs accompanying the interaction of economic actors in the transition of the Russian economy on an innovative path, as well as factors which complicates the measurement of transaction costs. Identified obstacles to the emergence of an innovative economy in our country. Proposed a series of measures to effectively reduce the transaction costs.

Introduction. Addressing the risks of a producer and consumer and evaluation of the experience of consumption in reducing risk in the use of all types of services and service culture, in particular, will allow to increase the competitiveness of the services culture. Theoretical analysis. Identified risk factors of producer services. The experience of consumption services in terms of process and outcome. In connection with such special services as the variability of quality shown preventive measures of the client to reduce risk. Conclusions. When the service runs the risk of the producer and the client. The manufacturer runs the risk of losing clients in the absence of necessary materials, as well as the deterioration of his skills. The consumer based on their own experience and that of significant persons of the contractor chooses the services that best meets its requirements. The most important for the user in many cases is his own evaluation of the consumed services. Use experience does not exclude the risk associated with the use of the new service (innovation risk), which is specified depending on the type of service activities. In most cases it is advisable that new services do not supplant existing and naturally complements them. 

Introduction. Labor resources in China have great potential for development. The number of employed citizens is 77500 thousand. However, the level of real unemployment in the country is high. Empirical analysis. The article analyses the level and characteristics of remuneration of employees of the banking sector of China. We study the structure of the working population of the country, it investigates the level of wages in the country, including in Chinese banks, is considered the minimum wage in Chinese cities. Given the problems existing in the programs of remuneration of the banks of China, including: the lack of communication targets reached and the amount of financial benefits, the underdevelopment of the system of bonus payments, the unpopularity of rewards for individual merit, gender discrimination in remuneration in the Bank of China, etc. Results. The article presents the main recommendations for improving the system of remuneration in the banking sector of China: among them: the introduction of Chinese banks in the remuneration system agreed with the results achieved, the expansion of the program of bonus payments, promotion and regular wage increases for young employees, the application of open and competitive wage systems, regular monitoring of employees‘ interests in wages, minimizing fines.

Введение. Рынок труда занимает особое место в структу- ре национальной экономики, обеспечивает ее человеческим капиталом, организует воспроизводство населения. Необхо- димость развития отечественного рынка труда предполагает изучение и использование опыта функционирования евро- пейского рынка труда, обладающего большим и системати- зированным инструментарием регулирования. Теоретиче- ский анализ. Основами теоретического анализа являются рассмотрение действующих программ развития рынка труда России и ЕС, статистических данных МВФ, а также обзоры авторитетных мировых консалтинговых компаний. Результа- ты исследования. Схожие тенденции развития рынка труда в экономиках Европейского союза и Российской Федерации позволяют использовать европейский опыт в нашей стране. Практика европейских стран побуждает правящую власть России улучшить систему профессионально-технического образования, переквалификации, упростить систему заклю- чения трудовых контрактов и т.д. Однако жесткая макроэконо- мическая политика, проводимая государственными органами в нашей экономике, препятствует использованию большин- ства инструментов регулирования европейского рынка тру- да. Выводы. Современная ситуация на российском рынке труда ограничивает экономический рост. Необходимо совер- шенствовать трудовое законодательство и государственное регулирование российского рынка труда, решать проблемы низкой территориальной мобильности населения Российской Федерации, содействовать повышени