Economic

Introduction. The article proposes to consider innovation not only as a factor of economic development, as well as a tool to resolve difficult conflicts and overcome the limitations that can not be overcome by other means. Theoretical analysis. In the process of development of economic systems they formed conservative structures that this development is stopped. The paper put forward the hypothesis that such contradictions are not solved structures of the economic system. And they themselves contradictions and limitations arising from them can be overcome only through external innovation. Empirical analysis. Through the prism of the proposed model of the innovation process is considered the economic evolution of the Saratov region. By bringing the various arguments given assessment of the innovation process in the Saratov region at the present stage. Results. It is concluded that the formation of the economic system in the Saratov region of the complex insoluble contradictions: the branch structure of the deformation, the uncertain position of the region in the nationwide system of division of labor, the lack of public resources, the unattractiveness of the region for investors, low quality of regional management. According to the authors, the resolution of conflicts and overcoming the limitations posed by them is only possible at the expense of external innovation.

Introduction. The underground economy as an economic system is investigated in the article. According to some estimates, the underground economy volume in Russia amounts to 46% of GDP. The purpose of a scientific article is to study the institutional mechanism of transformation of the underground economy system.

Theoretical analysis. The author explores the systemic signs of the underground economy, among which there are: integrity, openness, adaptability, reproducibility, structure, and hierarchy. The structure of the underground economy, including three sectors: socially dangerous (criminal) forms of the underground economy; various forms of opportunistic behavior of economic agents and socio-benign forms of underground activities (e.g., home economy), is examined. The main and derivative contradictions of underground economy are revealed. The institutional mechanism of transformation of the underground economy is studied; its options and contradictions are considered. The author analyzed two directions of transformation of the underground economy: restriction (liquidation) of socially dangerous forms and legalization (legitimisation) the most «healthy» elements.

Results. 
The author makes a conclusion about the necessity of state strategy of institutional transformation of the underground economy. The principles and objectives of institutionalization of the underground economy system in Russia at the present stage are defined.

Introduction. The trend of globalization of the modern economy leads to the increasing relevance of convergence and integration, the relationship and interaction which do not cause doubts. Theoretical analysis. The article discusses the integration and convergence as processes of interaction between homogeneous or heterogeneous elements of different economic systems, which are closely interwoven with each other. Discusses the question of the primacy of processes of integration and convergence. The article presents economic entities of convergent and integration processes, and the levels of their development. Results. Convergence is very similar integration. Their similarity is determined by several aspects, firstly, they are conditioned by the international division of labour, secondly, they represent a form of conjugation of the interests and efforts of business entities in resolving various problems, and third, they represent a homogeneous or heterogeneous interaction of both processes. Ddialectic relationship between convergence and integration is not limited to direct connection «basis – superstructure». The author argues that convergence may act as a necessary condition for integration and its result. Also observed the emergence of new interactive elements of economic convergence and integration at the modern stage of economic development, which are innovative entrepreneurs.
 

Introduction. In the present state of the domestic economy, where there is a stable manifestation of stagflation processes will inevitably have to deal with problems in the field of credit and the banking system. At the same time it is the real situation in those areas of financial activity depend largely on the prospects and potential for economic growth. Therefore, the study of the conditions in which this activity takes place, and the search for reserves to strengthen the positions of banks in the market today are the urgent tasks. Theoretical analysis. Evidence suggests that the pace of development of the microfinance sector lending rates significantly higher than those characterizing our banking system that is actually in a state of decline. Despite the leading position of this sector, there is the intersection of the activities of microfinance institutions and banks in consumer lending, which determines the need to examine product offerings of these organizations in the field of microcredit. Results. The study revealed the existence of the competitive advantages of the banking system in mikropotrebkreditovaniya and available as a result of this potential increase in the volume of lending by the banking sector, which in the implementation of these advantages in practice will improve forecasts and prospects for its development. Conclusions. The list of measures for elimination of the banking system of stagnant and the pre-crisis status must include measures to educate potential borrowers about the competitive advantages of banking products, which should lead to an increase in the influx of customers for loans to banks, and thus to improve the financial condition of the latter, subject to competent credit policy.