Law

Introduction. The administrative responsibility, which is traditionally in the center of attention of administrative and legal science in modern conditions, acts as the universal mechanism protecting law and order and the public relations in various spheres of public and state life. Discussion. Laws on administrative responsibility are an integral part of the legislation of a territorial subject of the Russian Federation and provide implementation of those rules which are established at the regional level. The problem of differentiation of powers of the Russian Federation and territorial subjects of the federation in the sphere of establishment of administrative responsibility remains debatable as there is still no consensus on the matter among scientists. Results. At its present stage of development, the regional legislation on administrative responsibility is not deprived of a number of the problems that have to be solved. One of these issues is a lack of uniformity of the legislation on administrative responsibility of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation. The prospects of development of regional laws on administrative responsibility are likely to be connected with the fact that law-enforcement practice will promote transformation of a number of their norms into standards of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences at its updating.

Introduction. Elections are one of the basic values of democracy; they provide citizens with the opportunity to participate in the administration of state affairs. Theoretical analysis. The Constitution of Russia of 1993 in article 32 enshrines the electoral rights of Russian citizens – the right to elect (active suffrage) and the right to be elected (passive electoral right) to state and local government bodies. In the same article, the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes restrictions on the electoral rights of Russian citizens. Empirical analysis. The Constitution of Russia, firstly, establishes uniform restrictions for active and passive electoral rights (citizens who are recognized as incompetent by a court and who are imprisoned by a court sentence do not have the right to elect and be elected); secondly, it provides for restrictions only on passive suffrage (age limit, permanent residence requirement, prohibition to run for the third time in a row - for a candidate for the President of the Russian Federation; age limit - for a candidate for deputy of the State Duma); thirdly, it establishes the general conditions for the restriction of all rights and freedoms of a person and citizen, in accordance with which federal laws establish additional restrictions on electoral rights. Results. It is concluded that: 1) the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation itself restricts the active electoral right and the passive electoral right of Russian citizens; 2) on the basis of part 3 of article 55, federal laws establish a wide range of additional (with respect to the constitutional) restrictions on voting rights.

Introduction. The article looks at how development of technologies is influencing and might influence the processes of law enforcement and law-making in the future and what changes in legal training it will require. Theoretical analysis. Nowadays, the use of modern digital technologies in the sphere of public management involves emergence of a number of the problems connected with inflexibility of machine regulation and inevitable mistakes in functioning of these technologies. At the same time, from the legal point of view there is a gap between regulations and technologies which mediate their application. The authors assume that in the long term this gap can be and has to be overcome, which will entail transition to a technological method of legal regulation. It, in turn, will require essentially new competences from lawyers. Empirical analysis. On the way of transition to a technological method of regulation it is necessary to pass several important stages of transformation of law: 1. Recognition by the state (states) of cryptocurrencies and/or other values, possession of which is confirmed only by records in a blockchain, development of the precepts of law regulating their address; 2. Full integration (or reflection) of the processes in the real world with data in information systems; 3. Transformation of regulations in an electronic form, giving them the properties of self-feasibility. Results. The authors make the conclusion about potential transition of both law-making, and law realization mainly to an electronic form, which, in particular, will require development of the legal focused programming language for recording precepts of law. It, in turn, will objectively lead to the fact that knowledge of information technologies, their legal regulation and fundamentals of programming of legal documents will become necessary competences for graduates of legal majors and specialties.

Introduction. The article considers the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of “attitude to religion” in the context of the content of the constitutional principle of equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen regardless of attitude to religion. Discussion. The author of the article attempts to determine the legal nature of the prohibition of discrimination based on “attitude to religion”. The author carries out the analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation for the presence of the considered ban on discrimination. The decisions of the European court of human rights on discrimination of religious belief are investigated. The structure of subjects and objects of discrimination on the basis of “attitude to religion” is defined, forms and methods of such discrimination are listed. Conclusion. The nature of the prohibition of discrimination based on “attitude to religion” in the context of the constitutional principle of equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of attitude to religion has been determined. The difference in the resolution of court disputes on discrimination based on “attitude to religion” in the international and Russian judicial systems is noted.