Law

Introduction. One of the main ways to identify weapons in a forensic examination is to study the traces left on the cartridges. As a result of the examination, it is possible to receive answers to questions related to the model and a specific weapon. In this regard, information on traces and trace details for new models of firearms and the latest modifications of well-known models becomes relevant (manufacturers update the produced weapon approximately every 5–10 years). Experimental part. The experiment was carried out in the conditions of a shooting gallery; in total, about 200 rounds of 9×19 mm caliber (Parabellum) were shot from the following models of pistols: Glock 17, Glock 34, Beretta 92 FS, MP-446 Viking. Each model of the weapon was presented in three copies, for shooting of each copy no less than 10 cartridges were used, the case of the top cartridge in the magazine for 12 o'clock position was marked with white paint. Traces on the cartridge cases were examined visually and under a microscope with a magnification of 20× and 40×. Discussion of results. The trace pattern on the experimentally obtained spent cartridge cases corresponded mainly to the reference data. A trace from Glock 17 and Glock 34 was found at the bottom of the cartridge case from the tip of the striker that was not connected with firing-pin impression that is not listed in the reference book. This track has a large variation depending on the rate of fire (this is due to the different heating of the weapon). The trace from the front part of the ejector hook from Beretta 92 FS, that is not described in the reference book, was found at the bottom of the cartridge case at 4 o'clock position. The marks on the cartridge cases of the shotguns of the Viking MP-446 differ from the ones described in reference books by the presence of the traces of processing of the cartridge stop and the trace from the striker tip on the primer, which is not related to the cap of the primer, showing variability depending on the rate of fire. Conclusions. The obtained trace images of signs on the cartridge cases of modern modifications of the known models of firearms allow us to specify the definition of the model of the weapon according to group attributes. Using the data obtained, it is possible to identify the rate of firing of weapons at the scene of the accident in the absence of the weapon by following the tracks on the cartridges. The traces on the cartridge cases, that were obtained during the experiments and are not described in the literature on forensic issues, have individual characteristics and can be used for identification. The dependence of the trace formation on the rate of fire correlates with the recommendation for obtaining cartridge cases for a comparative study of a combined firearm: first, one should fire the cartridges in the single-fire mode, and then in bursts. For self-loading weapons, it can also be recommended to vary the rate of fire when experimentally obtaining cartridge cases for comparative research.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issues of pseudolegal turnover of potentially dangerous materials, substances and products as a source of formation of means of mass destruction of people while committing crimes of sabotage and terrorist orientation. Theoretical analysis. The causes and genesis of the pseudo-legitimate turnover of edged weapons, barrelled gas weapon and firearms, new psychoactive substances with nonspecific increased toxicity or other pronounced damaging features are revealed in detail. This article formulates recommendations for the prompt identification of relevant threats during forensic medical, forensic chemical, forensic ballistic and other types of examinations, the development of preventive measures, including proposals to improve existing legislation. The authors consider these problems in the context of the main provisions of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 11, 2019 No. 97 “Fundamentals of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring chemical and biological safety...”. Results. The authors provide justification for the need for unification, primarily of the conceptual and terminological apparatus and methodological foundations of a forensic expert study in the circumstances of the pseudo-legal turnover of potentially dangerous materials, substances and products (PDMSP), taking into account the possibilities of the integrated use of the achievements of various areas of scientific and practical knowledge.

Introduction. The article touches upon the issues related to the need to implement a methodological relationship between judicial ballistic examination and one of the subtypes of medical and forensic examinations – forensic ballistic research, in forensic examinations and in conducting scientific research and methodological developments, and in professional training of specialists, which is expressed, first of all, in ensuring the uniformity of the conceptual and terminological apparatus and algorithms of forensic experts research facilities not related to the medical field. Theoretical analysis. The forensic medical study of living persons, corpses, their parts, organs and tissues is entirely based on the fundamental scientific and practical provisions of medical science and forensic medicine in particular. Results. An integrated approach is provided for the forensic use of special knowledge in criminal proceedings.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of constitutional and legal regulation of the issues of Russian federalism, namely the preservation of territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Russian Federation. Theoretical analysis. The author considers the main results of developments in the Russian Federation and in foreign states in the sphere of ensuring national sovereignty. The author aso looks at the results of the referendum on independence in individual countries, attempts of introduction of new standards of international law directly limiting the sovereignty of states, the instability of the situation in the socio-political spheres of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Association of regions, Federal districts. The author formulates the thesis that the problem of preservation of territorial integrity, the sovereignty of our country is particularly relevant and requires elaboration of the mechanism for its preservation and maintenance. Since the scope of legal regulation of this issue in the current legislation is insufficient, the author also proposes the ways of improving the Constitution of the Russian Federation, other normative legal acts in terms of securing new principles of federalism and guarantees of their implementation. Results. The author notes that the creation of a mechanism, that would ensure the preservation of the territorial integrity of Russia and would reliably guarantee the unity of our state, is necessary to preserve the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. To this end, the author proposes to include in the Constitution of the Russian Federation the principles of federalism, which could ensure the preservation of the territorial integrity of the state, would become guarantees of state sovereignty in crisis situations. These principles include the following: 1. Ban on holding referendums with separatist issues. 2. The possibility of direct presidential rule. 3. Prohibition of secession including unilaterally. 4. The principle of the supremacy of national legislation. It is also necessary to provide a mechanism to defend their rights in the international arena, to exclude the mandatory application of the decisions of international organizations that threaten state sovereignty.