Law

Introduction. The article deals with the role of methodological pluralism in the development of the communicative theory of law. The specificity of modern post-non-classical rationality determines the growth of interdisciplinary research, making new demands on the philosophy of law. In this connection, there is a question of the implementation of the principle of methodological pluralism in the communicative legal understanding. Theoretical analysis. The author examines the deductive monometological character of classical types of legal understanding, shows the barriers that block methodological pluralism. The communicative theory of law is interpreted as a post-non-classical scientific theory based on an open polylogue with various social theories and focused on the search for an integrative legal understanding. Empirical analysis. The author shows the work of the principle of methodological pluralism in the theory of communication as a key source of the communicative theory of law. The researcher analyzes the strategy of detailing the basic categorical series of communication theory by its disciplinary areas, including the communicative theory of law. Results. The author has established the methods of theoretical communication of interdisciplinary fields in the communicative theory of law, the prospects for applying the principle of methodological pluralism in the communicative theory of law, its heuristic potential for answering questions about who creates law, what tools ones uses and what consequences for the social system it leads to.

Introduction. The article deals with the environmental legislation of the United States of America and the practice of its application. Theoretical analysis. The main acts of environmental legislation of the United States, the experience of the division of powers between the Federation and its subjects (states) in the field of environmental protection, legal practice in the field of ecology, and the structure of the US environmental management bodies are studied. Results. In the United States, for several decades, there has been a developed system of environmental legislation that creates a fairly effective mechanism for managing the environment. The main environmental functions in the United States are performed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The experience of the United States in delineating the subjects of jurisdiction between the Federation and its subjects, the well-established mechanism of horizontal interaction between the states, and their experience in filling in gaps in Federal environmental legislation is noteworthy. The experience of public environmental associations in the field of environmental protection is also interesting. However, Federal environmental programs often suffer from underfunding, and overcoming environmental discrimination, as shown in the Flint (Michigan) case, remains an unresolved problem, despite all the efforts of the public and the position of the country’s political leadership.

Introduction. In the investigation of criminal cases involving the use of electroshock devices (ESD), it becomes necessary to use special knowledge to determine the nature and mechanism of damage to a person’s body and clothing due to electric shock. The specificity of damage formation leads to the use of special knowledge in the form of expert studies. Such studies are possible in the form of a comprehensive forensic medical examination or in the form of a complex of forensic and forensic studies (examinations). Research and results of the study. Research methods for injuries on the human body and on items of clothing that have arisen under the influence of electric discharges of ESD are shown. The paper describes the method of obtaining experimental injuries on the studied garment, as well as the results of a comparative study of the morphological features of the investigated and experimental injuries. The possibility of damage formation on the body of the victim and on the subject of his or her clothes as a single damage with repeated exposure to damaging factors of the ESD is shown. The possibility of establishing a group affiliation of the ESD in accordance with the damage to clothing is shown. Discussion of results. The author highlights the similarity of the methodology (algorithm) for examining traces and injuries on the human body and items of clothing resulting from the use of ESD with the methodological approaches of traditional comprehensive forensic investigations of injuries on the human body and items of clothing.

Introduction. Weapons are widely used in crimes. Firearms, firearms of limited destruction seized by law enforcement agencies, gas, pneumatic weapons, cartridges for the specified types of weapons, traces of a shot on various obstacles, fired bullets and other shells, fired cartridges are among the main objects of forensic ballistic examination. Theoretical analysis. Forensic ballistic expertise is carried out strictly in accordance with the expert methods. The effectiveness of solving diagnostic and identification problems depends on the relevance, reliability, availability of reference information on firearms and other weapons, ammunition for these weapons, and other objects. In the process of expert research, various information systems of identification and non-identification (reference) purposes are used. Empirical analysis. The potential capabilities of information systems are not fully utilized due to various circumstances, including: fragmentation, special access to information resources, limited functionality of existing identification ballistic systems, insufficiently effective search algorithms, etc. Results. In order to eliminate these and other circumstances, it is proposed to combine the most relevant and sought-after arrays of information about firearms and other weapons, ammunition to it, and other data relevant to forensic ballistics into a single information system based on automated search tools with the prospect of introducing artificial intelligence technologies expertise.