глобализация

Introduction. The article is aimed at the revealing of positive and negative sides of the integration of Internet-economy of Russia into the world economy system. The tasks of the article are: consideration of risks of economic globalization which acquires a new quality due to the introduction of Internet technologies, and studying the phenomenon of informational inequality of individual countries and regions. Theoretical analysis. The factors of the positive impact of Internet technologies on the world economy globalization are: permanent reduction in value of information transfer; increase of efficiency of production processes; labour productivity increase; ensuring of better living standards of the population. A significant danger in the path of the world economy globalization based on Internet technologies introduction is an information inequality of individual countries and regions, which promotes the growth of the economic asymmetry between them. Results. Russia is still significantly behind Western countries in the sphere of information technologies development. Russia as raw material producing country with the corresponding economic structure is forced to stay on the path so-called «catching up development». In the phase of the structural crisis it is necessary to finance the new technological structures priority development from the funds of natural rent. Russian economy needs a decisive turn from raw materials producing to innovative economy. Information society establishment requires the significant increase of the role of government regulation. In modern conditions the strategy of accelerated development of the Internet economy, the formation of an appropriate infrastructure and adequate institutions becomes its most important task.

Introduction. Contemporary processes of formation of the information society, emerging of new technological structures and digital revolution radically change the character and institutional structure of labor relations that occurred in industrial age. New unusual forms of employment appear. They are still poorly included in the field of institutional regulation. These processes are especially acute in the former Soviet republics. The transition to market relations in these new countries led to the development of precarization processes. Theoretical analysis. In this article the analysis of the theoretical approaches to the definition of the concepts “precariat”, “precarization” carried out by Russian and foreign economists and sociologists is considered; the causes, criteria and structural elements of this phenomenon are determined. In the process of research there were studied scientific publications, Internet site materials and statistical organizations’ data of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, which characterize the processes of social precarization in both states. A sociological survey involving 420 respondents in both countries was conducted. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the scientific literature, statistical data and the results of the conducted sociological research show the existence of precarization processes both in the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, however, there are certain differences. Results of study. A comparative analysis of the processes of social precarization in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan has revealed the objective causes and forms of its manifestation in these states, conditioned by the culturological features of the two countries. It is revealed that the intensity of precarization is somewhat lower in the RK than in the Russian Federation. The share of workers whose working conditions do not correspond to sanitary and hygienic standards is lower, informal employment tends to decrease. The survey of workers in the RK did not reveal facts of informal wages (“in envelopes”).

Introduction. The current stage of globalization is characterized by increased economic instability, which requires a search the mechanism that allows to minimize the emerging economic risks and to obtain some advantages in the changed circumstances. The author makes the hypothesis that in our country we should go towards the creation of economic and technological leading state. Theoretical analysis. The analysis of structural shifts in the global economy demonstrates the need for changes in the design of global and national regulation, because it isn’t acceptable to the vast majority of countries and their associations. The emergence of new contradictions and crisis phenomena at the national and global level makes necessary the determination of directions for transition the domestic economy to sustainable economic growth. The formation of effective economic system will allow Russia to become the world center of economic influence. Empirical analysis. The analysis and diagnosis of the economic growth in the Russian Federation indicate the entrance of the domestic economy in the zone of protracted recession. This involves the working out managerial decisions aimed at overcoming recession and moving to the phase of economic growth on the basis of mo dernization of state management system in the conditions of new global challenges. Results. The system character of solutions existing problems on the basis of transformation of the fundamentals of the economic system to improve its dynamism and adaptability is justified.

Введение. Демократизация Арабского Востока детерминиро- вала необходимость закрепления прав человека в современных конституциях многих исламских государств. Поэтому лишь с кон- ца двадцатого века роль прав человека в исламе, их воздействие на исламское население, а также проблема соотношения прав человека в мусульманском праве с универсальными правами и свободами стала объектом научного исследования. Это обуслов- лено рядом причин. Во-первых, проблематика прав человека не вписывалась в религиозное право Востока, направленное, пре- жде всего, на регулирование частно-правовых отношений внутри исламской родовой общины. Во-вторых, западноевропейские идеи о правах человека совсем недавно стали внедряться в го- сударственно-правовую систему исламских государств, и это по- требовало их осмысления в теории исламского права. В-третьих, для успешного развития не только стран Ближнего Востока, но и европейского сообщества важно найти «общий знаменатель» со- отношения прав человека с постулатами мусульманского права, поскольку система прав человека в западном понимании зача- стую не соответствуют либо вообще противоречат традицион- ным ценностям ислама. Цель. Основной целью работы является выяснение места и роли прав и свобод личности в традиционном исламском праве. Результаты. Авторами рассмотрены особен- ности шариата и правового статуса личности в исламском пра- ве. Поскольку шариат плохо сочетается с другими правовыми культурами, большинство мусульманских государств, сохраняя принципиальные положения Корана и Сунны Пророка, внедряют в свои правовые системы общепризнанные нормы международ- ного права в области прав человека. Вместе с тем основная про- блема заключается в том, что западный стандарт прав человека, закрепляющий универсальный характер прав человека, не учиты- вает национальной специфики традиций и культур восточных на- родов. Поэтому его внедрение зачастую сопровождается воору- женными конфликтами внутри арабских государств. Выводы. Авторы приходят к выводу о возможности сочетания исламских принципов шариата с западноевропейским стандартом по ряду вопросов в области правового регулирования прав человека.